लिनक्स फ़ाइल हैश गाइड 2026

sha256sum file_path

md5sum file_path

sha1sum file_path

sha256sum /home/user/docs/document.pdf

md5sum /home/user/pictures/image.jpg

sha1sum /home/user/files/data.txt

# Hash all PDF files in directory
sha256sum /home/user/docs/*.pdf

# Hash all files recursively
find /home/user/data -type f -exec sha256sum {} \;

# Create checksum file
sha256sum /home/user/important/* > checksums.txt

# Verify files against checksum file
sha256sum -c checksums.txt

# Method 1: Manual comparison
expected_hash="e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855"
actual_hash=$(sha256sum /path/to/file | awk '{print $1}')

if [ "$actual_hash" == "$expected_hash" ]; then
    echo "✓ File verified - hash matches"
else
    echo "✗ WARNING: Hash mismatch!"
fi

# Method 2: Using echo and checking
echo "$expected_hash  /path/to/file" | sha256sum -c -

# Hash text directly
echo -n "Hello World" | sha256sum

# Hash command output
cat /etc/passwd | sha256sum

# Hash without trailing newline (important!)
echo -n "text" | sha256sum  # Correct
echo "text" | sha256sum     # Different hash (includes newline)

# Download Ubuntu ISO hash
wget https://releases.ubuntu.com/SHA256SUMS

# Verify your downloaded ISO
sha256sum ubuntu-26.04-desktop-amd64.iso

# Compare against published hash
grep ubuntu-26.04-desktop-amd64.iso SHA256SUMS

# Create baseline
sudo sha256sum /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /etc/sudoers > /secure/baseline-hashes.txt

# Later, check for changes
sudo sha256sum -c /secure/baseline-hashes.txt

# Script for monitoring
#!/bin/bash
if ! sudo sha256sum -c /secure/baseline-hashes.txt > /dev/null 2>&1; then
    echo "ALERT: System files modified!" | mail -s "Security Alert" [email protected]
fi

# Find duplicates in directory
find /home/user/photos -type f -exec sha256sum {} \; | sort | uniq -w 64 -D

# Create hash manifest before backup
find /data -type f -exec sha256sum {} \; > /backup/manifest-$(date +%Y%m%d).txt

# After restore, verify
sha256sum -c /backup/manifest-20260524.txt

#!/bin/bash
# hash-directory.sh
# Usage: ./hash-directory.sh /path/to/directory

if [ $# -eq 0 ]; then
    echo "Usage: $0 <directory>"
    exit 1
fi

directory="$1"
output="hashes-$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S).txt"

echo "Generating SHA256 hashes for: $directory"
find "$directory" -type f -exec sha256sum {} \; > "$output"
echo "✓ Saved $(wc -l < "$output") file hashes to: $output"

#!/bin/bash
# verify-hashes.sh
# Usage: ./verify-hashes.sh checksums.txt

if [ ! -f "$1" ]; then
    echo "Error: Checksum file not found"
    exit 1
fi

echo "Verifying file integrity..."
if sha256sum -c "$1" 2>/dev/null; then
    echo "✓ All files verified successfully"
    exit 0
else
    echo "✗ Some files failed verification"
    exit 1
fi

#!/bin/bash
# verify-download.sh <file> <expected-sha256>

file="$1"
expected="$2"

if [ ! -f "$file" ]; then
    echo "Error: File not found"
    exit 1
fi

actual=$(sha256sum "$file" | awk '{print $1}')

if [ "$actual" == "$expected" ]; then
    echo "✓ Download verified - SHA256 matches"
    exit 0
else
    echo "✗ DANGER: SHA256 mismatch!"
    echo "Expected: $expected"
    echo "Actual:   $actual"
    exit 1
fi

# Using pv (pipe viewer) to show progress
pv large-file.iso | sha256sum

# Install pv if needed
sudo apt install pv  # Debian/Ubuntu
sudo dnf install pv  # Fedora

# Install parallel
sudo apt install parallel

# Hash files in parallel (4 jobs)
find /data -type f | parallel -j 4 sha256sum {} > hashes.txt

# Compare speed of different algorithms
time sha256sum large-file.bin
time sha1sum large-file.bin
time md5sum large-file.bin

# Typical results (1GB file):
# MD5:    ~1-2 seconds (fastest, insecure)
# SHA1:   ~2-3 seconds (deprecated)
# SHA256: ~3-5 seconds (recommended)

# Check package integrity
debsums -c

# Verify specific package
debsums openssh-server

# Check all packages
rpm -Va

# Verify specific package
rpm -V openssh-server

sha256sum "/path/with spaces/file.txt"

sudo sha256sum /etc/shadow

# PowerShell on Windows
Get-FileHash -Algorithm SHA256 file.txt

# macOS uses shasum
shasum -a 256 file.txt